万学海文2008年全国研究生入学统一考试全真英语模拟试题

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万学海文2008年全国研究生入学统一考试

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全真英语模拟试题

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Section Ⅰ Use of English

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Directions:

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Read the following text. Choose the best word （s） for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）uED顺利考研网

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Obesity, or fatness, has become a global epidemic affecting the lives and health of millions of people. Over half the adult population are now overweight in major countries, and the obesity rate is rising sharply for adults and children 1 during the 1990s. Of particular 2 is childhood obesity. The few studies 3 among Australian children suggest that the obesity rate has doubled in recent years.

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The 4 human and social cost is enormous. In financial terms, the health costs of obesity and its many related diseases have been estimated to be some $830 million a year in Australia. An 5 $500 million is spent on weight reduction programs. However, such statistics cannot 6 the effects of obesity, be they moderate or serious, 7 the quality of life and the impact of premature deaths 8 with obesity.

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When it comes to explaining these trends, not only media reports, but many scientific articles have simplified the causes, often contributing them to a 9 of fast food, increasing car ownership and a 10 lifestyle in front of TV or computer monitors. In the media, 11 , obesity is typically characterized as an eating disorder or merely an individual problem. Similarly, some scientific articles focus entirely on over-eating and 12 of exercise.

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13 , such generalizations are often backed by little proved data. Some studies have found that children obesity is 14 related to the hours of television viewed, but other studies have failed to establish such a 15 . Furthermore, these observations 16 the economic and social 17 forces 18 the changes in diet and lifestyle, and the intense pressures caused by increasing working hours and 19 living standards for the majority of working people. In general, such simplistic approaches serve to 20 the underlying social causes.

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Section II Reading Comprehension

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Part A

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Directions:

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Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)uED顺利考研网

Text 1

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Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education. As colleges strive for market share, they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make. Trenton State College, for example, became the College of New Jersey nine years ago when it began raising admissions standards and appealing to students from throughout the state.uED顺利考研网

　　“All I hear in higher education is brand, brand, brand,” said Tim Westerbeck, who specializes in branding and is managing director of Lipman Hearne, a marketing firm based in Chicago that works with universities and other nonprofit organizations.” There has been a dramatic change over the last 10 years. Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education.”uED顺利考研网

　　Not all efforts at name changes are successful or as fluid, of course. In 1997, the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect its growth into a collection of eight colleges, offering a list of majors that includes psychology, music, urban studies and management. But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School.uED顺利考研网

　　Now, after spending an undisclosed sum on an online survey and a marketing consultant’s creation of “brand architecture” and “identity systems”, the university has come up with a new name: the New School. Beginning Monday, it will adopt new logos, banners, business cards and even new names for the individual colleges, all to include the words “the New School.” Of the “change”, Bob Kerrey, the university's president noted that his view was that you never argue with customers about what they expect, especially as it relates to the school’s name.uED顺利考研网

　　Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived. In altering its name from Cal State, Hayward, to Cal State, East Bay, the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban states east of San Francisco.uED顺利考研网

　　The University of Southern Colorado, a state institution, became Colorado State University at Pucblo two years ago, hoping to highlight many internal changes, including offering more graduate programs and setting higher admissions standards. uED顺利考研网

　　Beaver College turned itself into Arcadia University in 2001 for several reasons: to break the connection with its past as a women’s college, to promote its growth into a full –fledged university and officials acknowledged, to eliminate some jokes about the college’s old name on late-night television and “morning zoo” radio shows.uED顺利考研网

　　Many college officials said changing a name and image could produce substantial results. At Arcadia, in addition to the rise in applications, the average student’s test score has increased by 60 points, Juli Roebeck, an Arcadia spokeswoman, said.uED顺利考研网

21. Which of the following is NOT the reason for colleges to change their names？uED顺利考研网

　　A. They prefer higher education competitionuED顺利考研网

　　B. They try to gain advantage in market share.uED顺利考研网

　　C. They want to project their image.uED顺利考研网

　　D. They hope to make some changes.uED顺利考研网

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22. It is implied that one of the most significant changes in higher education in the past decade is__________.uED顺利考研网

　　A. the brands created by colleges.uED顺利考研网

　　B. the concept of marketinguED顺利考研网

　　C. the college namesuED顺利考研网

　　D. the role that colleges play.uED顺利考研网

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23. Which of the following is true according to the passage? uED顺利考研网

A. Marketing used to be a dirty word in education.uED顺利考研网

B. The University of Southern Colorado changed its name to set tougher admissions requirements and offer more graduate programs.uED顺利考研网

C. The name “New School” was based on the costumers’ expectation.uED顺利考研网

D. New School offered many more programs than before.uED顺利考研网

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24. The case of name changing from Cal State Hayward to Cal State East Bay indicates that the university_______________.uED顺利考研网

　　A. wants to be perceived by the societyuED顺利考研网

　　B. prefers to reform its reaching programsuED顺利考研网

　　C. expects to expand its campusuED顺利考研网

　　D. hopes to expand its influenceuED顺利考研网

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25. According to the spokeswoman, the name change of Beaver College_________.uED顺利考研网

　A. fails to attain its goaluED顺利考研网

　B. turns out to be quite successfuluED顺利考研网

　C. has eliminated some jokesuED顺利考研网

　D. has transformed its statusuED顺利考研网

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Text 2

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Carrying 20-foot containers is not as glamorous as making films, but shipping is doing more than Hollywood to boost southern California's economy these days. The adjacent ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, already the two biggest in the country, are growing quickly thanks to trade with China. They are a giant job-creating engine, stimulating industrial and warehouse employment on a scale not seen in the region since the rise of the aerospace industry after the Second World War. Sadly, like most engines, they are filthy.uED顺利考研网

The ports themselves reckon they are responsible for about 12% of all the diesel particle emissions and 45% of the sulphur oxides in southern California. Carried east by prevailing winds, such pollutants help to create some of America's worst air more than 50 miles inland. Those who live close to the freeways leading out of the ports suffer the most. Researchers have found that children living within a few hundred meters of such roads are not only more likely to suffer from asthma, a disease of the breathing system and characterized by coughing. They actually have smaller lungs.uED顺利考研网

The most ambitious effort to control pollution, and the one that may affect the local economy most drastically, involves truckers. Some 16,000 lorries currently haul containers between ships and warehouses, most of whom are owned by Hispanic immigrants. The drivers put in long hours: 13 a day is not unusual, according to a survey. They earn, on average, just under $35,000 a year. Such jobs, like many connected to the port, are an important stepping-stone on the path to the middle class.uED顺利考研网

The ports want to remove the oldest trucks and gradually upgrade the others so that, within five years, the fleet emits four-fifths less pollution than at present. To help pay for this, they intend to levy a fee of $34 to $54 on every “dirty” vehicle entering the port. Most important, they want to turn a large, unwieldy network of independent contractors into a more orderly group of companies operating concessions, as happens in an airport. “We need to have more control,” explains Geraldine Knatz, the head of Los Angeles' port.uED顺利考研网

The reforms do nonetheless pose a threat to the ports' competitiveness. At present, the truckers who work at the docks are price-takers, not price-setters. Because they are self-employed, they are almost impossible to unionise, and consequently have little bargaining power. All that could quite easily change if they were to become the employees of a few large firms. Indeed, the most enthusiastic welcome for the ports' plans has come not from environmental groups but from the Teamsters' union.uED顺利考研网

26. What is the passage mainly about?uED顺利考研网

A. the consequences of shipping industry in southern CaliforniauED顺利考研网

B. the causes of pollution along the coast of southern CaliforniauED顺利考研网

C. the pollution problem of the shipping industry in southern CaliforniauED顺利考研网

D. the role of shipping industry in southern California’s economyuED顺利考研网

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27. The author mentions the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to justify that_________.uED顺利考研网

A. they are the largest in the USuED顺利考研网

B. they create new job opportunitiesuED顺利考研网

C. shipping industry is less glamorous than making movies.uED顺利考研网

D. shipping industry plays a significant role in southern California’s economy. uED顺利考研网

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28. We can infer from the passage that___________.uED顺利考研网

A. Hollywood movies help little to southern California’s economy these days.uED顺利考研网

B. The shipping industry there is as dirty as other industries.uED顺利考研网

C. People living near these ports suffer the most.uED顺利考研网

D. The polluted air in the region may result in both asthma and smaller lungs.uED顺利考研网

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29. According to the passage, the most ambitious effort to control pollution ______________.uED顺利考研网

A. has almost nothing to do with the truckers.uED顺利考研网

B. could have negative impacts upon the local economy.uED顺利考研网

C. may depend on independent contractorsuED顺利考研网

D. will upgrade all the trucks to reduce pollution.uED顺利考研网

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30. According to the author, the reforms bring about a threat to the port’s competitiveness in that_________.uED顺利考研网

A. the truckers’ unionization would raise the cost of the ports.uED顺利考研网

B. truckers working at the docks are price-takers.uED顺利考研网

C. the Teamsters’ union would have little bargaining power.uED顺利考研网

D. environmental groups are not enthusiastic about the plans.uED顺利考研网

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Text 3

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It could be all reasonable to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is adequate, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the rude and inconsiderate driver, but sadly nowadays the well-mannered motorist is just an exception. Perhaps the situation calls for a ‘Be Kind to Other Drivers’ campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.uED顺利考研网

Road politeness is not just good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.uED顺利考研网

However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.uED顺利考研网

A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of boatmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.uED顺利考研网

31. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by ________.uED顺利考研网

A. traffic conditions uED顺利考研网

B. the rhythm of modern lifeuED顺利考研网

C. the behavior of the drivers（C）uED顺利考研网

D. people’s attitude towards rude driversuED顺利考研网

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32. The sentence “You might tolerate the rude and ... the rule.” (Para. 1) implies that ________.uED顺利考研网

A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsuED顺利考研网

B. rude drivers can be met only occasionallyuED顺利考研网

C. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the inconsiderate drivers（D）uED顺利考研网

D. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motoristsuED顺利考研网

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33. By “good sense,” the writer means ________.uED顺利考研网

A. the driver’s ability to understand and react reasonablyuED顺利考研网

B. the driver’s prompt response to difficult and severe conditionsuED顺利考研网

C. the driver’s tolerance of rude or even savage behavior（A）uED顺利考研网

D. the driver’s acknowledgement of politeness and regulationsuED顺利考研网

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34. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, ________.uED顺利考研网

A. road users should demand more sacrificeuED顺利考研网

B. drivers should be ready to yield to each otheruED顺利考研网

C. drivers should have more communication among themselves（B）uED顺利考研网

D. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to othersuED顺利考研网

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35. What can be inferred from this passage?uED顺利考研网

A. Strict traffic regulations are badly neededuED顺利考研网

B. Drivers should apply road politeness properlyuED顺利考研网

C. Rude drivers should be punished（B）uED顺利考研网

D. Drivers should avoid traffic jamsuED顺利考研网

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Text 4

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With the prevalence of interactive electronic media, a man alone in his own home will never have been so well placed to fill the inexplicable mental space between birth and death. Computer games and surfing the web will make the existential problem a thing of the past. Isn't that great! In this promising scenario it seems only right that books should be pushed more and more into those moments, say, of travel, that people still don't quite know what to do with. uED顺利考研网

In spite of all this, given the perceived dumbing down of such a world, when people do read they'll no doubt want to feel they are reading something serious. For although the collapse of pretty well all collective illusions - religious and political - will have persuaded most people to turn their mental energies to problems exclusively technical and their emotions to the harmlessly superficial, still it's hard to forget that qualities like wisdom and insight once carried considerable prestige. It would be nice to think one had them. And of course those qualities tended to be associated with something called literature. Result? You're going to find fewer books presenting themselves as mass market stories and more taking up literary pretensions. uED顺利考研网

Translators can only benefit from this desire for the seemingly sophisticated. We can look forward to lots of fantastic foreign stories, which are enthusiastically sustained by the overall concept of 'the global village'. Much of this will be awful and some wonderful, but don't expect the press or the organizers of prizes to offer you much help in making the appropriate distinctions between superior and inferior stuff. They will be chiefly engaged in creating celebrity, the greatest enemy of discrimination, but a vital prop(支柱) for the confused consumer. However, the sharper readers will establish their own book list, something worth looking forward to.uED顺利考研网

Meanwhile, every ethnic grouping the world over will be seen to have a great writer of their own-a phenomenon that will lead to a new kind of provincialism, more historical than geographical, where only the strictly contemporary is admired. Universities will include novels written only last year, while the achievements of ten or only five years ago will quite reasonably be forgotten. uED顺利考研网

In short, you can't go too far wrong when predicting more of the same things. But there is a positive side to this -- the inevitable reaction against it. What we would like to see happen in the world of literature-publishers seeking less to generate celebrity through advertising, newspapers and magazines giving space to reflective serious readings -- are rather unlikely. But dullness never quite darkens the whole planet. In their own fashion, a few writers will always be looking for new departures. uED顺利考研网

36. According to the author, people want to feel they are reading something serious because______.uED顺利考研网

A. they have turned their mental energies to technical problems.uED顺利考研网

B. wisdom and insight once carried substantial prestige. uED顺利考研网

C. they have not been persuaded into giving up certain qualities.uED顺利考研网

D. collective illusions have collapsed.uED顺利考研网

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37. What does the author say about “celebrity” in the field of literature? uED顺利考研网

A. It is the greatest enemy of personal discriminations.uED顺利考研网

B. It is generated by publishers through advertising and by organizers of prizes.uED顺利考研网

C. It helps sharper readers establish their own reading lists.uED顺利考研网

D. It is a prop for all the consumers.uED顺利考研网

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38. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?uED顺利考研网

A. The prevalence of interactive electronic media helps a man alone at home to stop thinking about the meaning of life and death.uED顺利考研网

B. Books are supposed to be pushed more into moments people cannot handle.uED顺利考研网

C. Qualities like wisdom and insight tend to be forgotten.uED顺利考研网

D. Universities are inclined to include novels older than 5 years.uED顺利考研网

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39. What does the author’s attitude towards the new kind of “provincialism” (Line2, paragraph 4)?uED顺利考研网

A. negative B. positive C. subjective D. optimisticuED顺利考研网

uED顺利考研网

40. According to the author, what is the prospect of the literary world?uED顺利考研网

A. The publishers will reduce the cost of advertising.uED顺利考研网

B. Newspapers and magazines will give space to serious literature.uED顺利考研网

C. Publishers will stop generating celebrity.uED顺利考研网

D. There are difficulties as well hopes with the future of literature.uED顺利考研网

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Part B

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Directions:

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The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first, the fourth and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)uED顺利考研网

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[A] And it’s not just servers in the back office that can benefit from virtualization. Modern desktop and even laptop computers have more than enough power these days to run virtualization software. Both the VMWare Server and Microsoft’s Virtual PC 2007 are ideal for installing virtual machines on an Intel- or AMD-based PC.

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uED顺利考研网

[B] Protection against spyware is no better. Until recently, however, the problem was more of an annoyance than a threat. But spyware is changing into something more horrible—with identity theft being the main objective. Meanwhile, protection against these attacks—cheating e-mails that try to get users to provide passwords and other crucial data—is even less effective. By one estimate, it costs Americans between $500m and $1 billion annually.

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uED顺利考研网

[C] A better idea is to adopt something called virtualization—a technique that’s been around for ages, but has only lately come back into fashion. Virtualization provides a way of hiding a computer’s resources—its central processor, operating system, network controller, and storage devices—behind a software curtain. The idea is to give users (not to mention nefarious strangers) the impression they have control of the machine, when really they are dealing with a fake machine created entirely in software.

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uED顺利考研网

[D] Security firms reckon some 2.3 million “bots” are currently online. While suppliers of anti-virus software have every reason to magnify the claim, the fact remains that only four out of five computers connected to the internet have such software installed. And less than half those have their software updated on time.

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uED顺利考研网

[E] Keep out! Either will allow you to run a “guest” operating system inside one of these virtual machines. The guest can be another copy of Windows, which can then be left exposed to attack by viruses and other malware circulating around the internet, while the actual computer remains hidden behind the curtain, free from infection. After you’ve finished surfing the web, the virtual machine and its copy of the operating system can be discarded and a fresh set re-established the next time you switch on the computer.

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uED顺利考研网

[F] Even among those that do, the software typically catches no more than 70% of the viruses, worms, Trojan horses and key-stroke loggers probing them continuously. Malware—Malicious software designed to take over computers—mutates faster than A-V software. Insiders reckon protection is generally one to two months behind.

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uED顺利考研网

[G] One answer, of course, is to disconnect your computer from the internet completely, and never to accept any form of portable media from anyone. That way, your computer will never get infected, nor will it be turned into a zombie ready to do the illicit bidding of some scam artist, identity thief, mail spammer or child pornographer. But it will also be next to useless.

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uED顺利考研网

[H] Hacking used to be done by kids for kicks or bragging rights. Nowadays, it’s big business for organised crime, often out of reach of the law, on the far side of the world. Connect an unprotected personal computer to the internet for more than 15 seconds and it will almost certainly be attacked by a virus or worse. That’s how ruthlessly effective the army of malicious robots, dispatched by criminals to scour the net for vulnerable computers, has become. uED顺利考研网

uED顺利考研网